Use of water bodies of Kyiv is
various. It is for recreation, fish - breeding,
for decorative purpose and etc. Besides that,
the Dnipro and Desna rivers waters, and also
artesian waters are used for water supply for
economic, consumer and industrial needs.
One of the main peculiarities
of social and economic Kyiv development is use
enormous water mass for consumer and economic
needs satisfaction. The cause of this is
unprecedented increase the number of population
in Kyiv. In 1900 the number of population was
260 thousand habitants, in 1940 it was 930
thousand, in 1960 it was 1174 thousand, then in
1980 it was 2232 thousand, and in 1998 it was
2700 thousand. In 1913 water-piping network by
length 185 km was built for town needs water
supply. Its capacity was 2,5 thousand buckets
(or near 31 m3 in day), and in 1995 the
corresponding indexes were 3,3 thousand km and
over 1 mln. m3 a day.
For the late years the average
water intake of drinkable quality in the town is
about 1100 mln. m3, including for production
needs is over 55%, and for economic needs is
over 40%. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
The Kyiv water resources are
evaluated by Dnipro average annual flow that is
about 44 km3, and in small water years it
diminishes to 27 km3. The small rivers flow part
is very insignificant. In water supply structure
it does not exceed 2 % of munucupal needs.
The main water supply sources
for Kyiv are the rivers Dnipro and Desna (59%)
waters (30 %), and also underground waters (1
%). The evaluated supplies of underground waters
are 300 mln. m3
Use of underground waters takes
place at the expense of 667 artesian wells by
general power 592 th. m3 a day.
Drinking water supply of the
town is over 440 l per 24 hours for person. It
is a high index that exceeds average index over
Ukraine, approximately 100 l.
In general water needs
structure of Kyiv there are two the equal parts
that is economic-consumer and industrial
sectors. The water draft volume of the consumer
enterprises is formed from 15 % for water
transport losses, 66% for industrial and
drinking providing needs, 6 % for production
needs, 13 % for using by industrial units. The
main part of industrial sector water using (95%)
is beloged to 36 enterprises, including almost
85% industrial water needs for TETS-5
(Thermo-electric power station). 117 industrial
units have the own water drafts. At the same
time almost all of enterprises and organizations
take water from municipal water-line.
It is necessary to underline
that a water supply in Kyiv has an essential
territorial differentiation: 62 % all of water
needs are concentrated on the left-bank part
occupying about 35 % its territory. Only in
Kharkov region where there is TETS-5, the water
supply part composes over 46 % from its total
city volume (see tabl. 4.7).
28 enterprises dispose of waste
waters disposal into water bodies. 7 Kyiv water
users dispose of the industrial sewages
immediately into the Dnipro river and other
reservoirs. It is almost 95 % of total volume of
sewage waters. Other enterprises dispose of
polluted water to municipal sewerage (both with
previous treatment and without it). After that
it gets the purification treatments facilities
of the Bortnitska aeration station.
The general indices disposal
into natural units are showed at the following
table:
Disposal of polluted sewage
waters into natural surface water bodies in 1997
(mln. m3)
Besides of industrial and
municipal disposals, one of the main pollution
sources of the Dnipro region basin is the sewage
disposals. Surface sewage waters are removed
from the town territory by collector network of
sewerage system through 41 sewers into the
Dnipro river. Only 5 of them have treatment
facilities.
As a result such pollutants as
nitrogen amonium, sulphates, copper, phosphorus,
chlorides, mercury, zinc, cadmium get into
reservoirs. Besides that, hazardouse biological
matters, salts of heavy metals, petrochemical,
phenols, SPAR (synthetic active matters),
pesticides, nitrates get into reservoirs,
too.
In 1995 following substances
are disposed into water bodies: 31 tons of
petrochemical, 37 th. tons of sulphates, 38 th.
tons of chlorides, 4,6 th. Tons of nitrates, 39
tons of synthetic active matters, 205 tons of
iron , 6,2 tons of copper, 27 tons of zinc, 10
tons of chrome 6+, 2 kg of mercury, 8 tons of
aluminum, 18 th. tons of suspended matters. In
1997 about 418.5 th. tons of pollutants was
disposed of together with sewage waters (a dry
residuum that does not limited is equal to 227.3
th. tons).
For last years there is a
steady tendency of decrease of demand for water
by industrial enterprises. That tendency is
connected with unknown economic crisis. For
1991- 1995 production of industrial goods in
Kyiv decreased on 40 %. Analogic changes take
place in water supply dynamics. However, inspite
of considerable production volumes decreasing,
the enterprises increased pollutant
disposals.
545 mln. m3 of polluted sewages
are disposed of into water bodies. It is 2,5
times more than in 1990.
In Kyiv there almost are not
treatment facilities at the sewerage system. As
a result of wearing of water supply, drainage
and treatment facilities as well as of decrease
of financing volumes, danger of technological
mass crashes is increased. Crashes become more
frequent in Kyiv during last
years.
